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Rail franchising in Great Britain
Rail franchising in Great Britain is the process of contracting out the operation of passenger railway operations through a system of franchising to private companies. Passenger services are franchised, for a limited period, to train operating companies. The award of the franchise is determined by competition.
Within the United Kingdom, only railways operating in Great Britain are subject to the franchising system; in Northern Ireland, the railways are owned and operated by the state-owned company NI Railways as part of the Irish Gauge network covering the island of Ireland.
==History==
The franchising system was created by the Railways Act 1993 as part of the privatisation of British Rail by the Government of John Major, and the first franchises came into effect in 1996. Prior to this, the railway system had been owned and operated by the government-owned corporation British Rail (BR), which has since been wound up.
Prime Minister John Major envisaged splitting up the railways and returning ownership to an equivalent of the "Big Four" railway companies that had existed before the creation of British Rail (BR). The Treasury advocated an alternative plan put forward by the Adam Smith Institute which separated railway infrastructure from train service operation and contracted out passenger services to seven-year franchises. This scheme formed the basis of the Railways Act 1993, and a new and complex structure of over 100 private companies was created to replace BR; track and signalling was taken over by Railtrack, rolling stock was sold to Rolling stock operating companies (ROSCOs) and leased back to train operators, and train services were put out to competitive tender. All of this was initially overseen by the Office of Passenger Rail Franchising (OPRAF), a public body which specified service levels and public subsidies that were to be paid to operators. Over the years, the system of rail franchising has evolved, but it still continues to be the main form of passenger rail service provision and today, Britain's railway system is operated as a network of over 20 franchises.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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